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From the first century ce came a prototypical chain-rattling ghost at a house in Athens investigated by one Athenodorus who allegedly observed the specter and laid it to rest (Nickell 2012a, 17вЂ“18). Supposed communication with spirits of the dead is at least as old as the Biblical вЂњWitch of EndorвЂќ who, at the behest of King Saul, allegedly conjured up the ghost of Samuel (I Samuel 28). Many of todayвЂ™s paranormal claims can be traced to FortвЂ™s writings. In an excellent biography of him, Jim Steinmeyer (2008, xv) states, вЂњWhat Fort invented was our modern view of the paranormal.вЂќ Others had pointed out strange occurrences and asked why they happened, but Charles Fort championed their significance and accused science of being too conventional to care. Nevertheless, Fort was a major innovator. Having come into an inheritance that permitted him to engage in armchair endeavors, Fort spent his last twenty-six years scouring old periodicals for reports of alleged occurrences that science was supposedly unable to explain: UFOs (before there was such a term), archaeological oddities, mystery creatures, ghosts, rains of fish, and other anomalies-what would come to be called вЂњfortean phenomena.вЂќ Fort was not himself an investigator, and his anecdotal evidence left much to be desired (Nickell 2004, 335вЂ“337). In the early twentieth century, Charles Fort (1874вЂ“1932) began the work that led one biographer to call him the вЂњProphet of the UnexplainedвЂќ (Knight 1970). (I have, of course, excluded a long list of topics-from astrology to zombies-whose origins are ancient.) Charles Fort: Prophet of the Unexplained

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This article is a discussion of the вЂњcreationвЂќ of the paranormal by a series of major figures, each of whom took a concept-some fantasy, myth, or speculation-and transformed it into вЂњrealityвЂќ (Keel 2001b). The paranormal grew increasingly throughout the twentieth century with various вЂњnewвЂќ (either substantially new or newly refocused-on) topics being expanded by individual gurus and groups of enthusiasts, and many cross-correspondences developing (say, between UFOs and Bigfoot). Founded in London in 1882, it was concerned with alleged psychic phenomena and the supposed survival of consciousness following bodily death (Guiley 2000, 304). With the advent of modern spiritualism in 1848, launched by the Fox SistersвЂ™ hoaxed messages from the ghost of a murdered peddler (Nickell 2004, 31вЂ“32), the paranormal began to proliferate and to attract advocacy groups such as the British Society for Psychical Research. It includes the supernatural but also things such as monsters that-if they exist-might be quite natural. The term refers to those things that are supposedly beyond the normal range of science and human experience-ghosts, strange lights in the sky, psychic phenomena, and the like. Much of what is called вЂњthe paranormalвЂќ today has intrigued mankind since the most ancient times.

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